![]() For this reason, the investigation of organic leaching agents is to be continued. In addition, the organic leaching agents are highly biodegradable and provide new opportunities to precipitate the metals more selectively. The organic leaching agents can also convince in comparison to the conventional acids such as hydrochloric acid. Especially carboxylic acids such as citric acid show very good results. In order to make the recycling of Li more sustainable, various organic leaching agents are being tested. Due to the classification of Li as a critical raw material by the EU, the recycling of Li is becoming increasingly important. In the past, Li played only a minor role in the recycling process because of its low price compared to Co and Ni. This is why the recycling of these raw materials at the end of the lifetime of the LIBs is of high importance. Valuable metals such as lithium (Li), cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) are used in the production of the LIBs. ![]() Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are an important component in energy transition in Germany and worldwide for the storage of electricity in the field of energy supply and electromobility. The simultaneous realization of high efficiency, green and closed-loop process is expected to push the DES into practical application for recycling the electrodes of LIBs. Noteworthy, the solubility of cobalt ions can be reversibly tuned by simply adding/evaporating deionized water, thus avoiding the addition of precipitant and enabling the easy recovery of the leaching solvent for realizing a closed-loop recycling process. The energy barrier during leaching is calculated to be 113.9 kJ/mol. An ultrafast leaching process is observed at 180☌ for 10 s with no observable residues. Herein, we report a closed-loop and highly efficient approach to recycle lithium cobalt oxide from spent LIBs based on a choline chloride:oxalic acid (ChCl:OA) type deep eutectic solvent (DES). However, the simultaneous realization of green, efficient and closed-loop recycling is still. Hydrometallurgical approach has attracted extensive research due to its potential to reduce the consumption of energy and threat to the environment. So these parameters were investigated for a large series of organic acids and as well for DES´s to determine the most suitable leaching agent.Įfficient recycling technology for the rapid growth of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is essential to tackle the resources and environmental crisis. This focusses on concentration, temperature, leaching and time, as they all have shown certain effects on leaching quality in the past. Bases on the experimental results reached so far, the assessment of various influences is researched and presented. In certain molar ratios, they form ionic liquids that can be used to dissolve metal ions. These DES consist of two different organic solids, such as choline chloride and urea. In addition to the organic acids, deep eutectic solvents (DES) will be investigated as biological leaching agents. ![]() In this publication presented here, a wide range of different organic acids is set in comparison, using the same black mass as a starting point, to ensure a very high comparability of the individual acids. Additionally, the results from these publications are difficult to compare, because they are using different black masses. However, most of them only deal with a few organic acids, no extended benchmarking took place up to now. There are already a number of publications on the recycling of lithium-ion batteries with organic acids present in literature. For this target several projects have been granted by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) as an important part of the Competence Cluster for Recycling and Green Batteries (greenBatt). Such environmentally friendly processes can be considered as (near) zero-waste processes. In this context, the investigation of biodegradable leaching agents is essential to develop ecological and sustainable processes. For hydrometallurgical recycling processes, the industry commonly uses mineral acids for their leaching process, which leads to non-biodegradable waste water. The recycling of batteries is a very important point in the European circular economy to return back rare materials like lithium to the production of batteries. ![]()
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